Available as an ebook
Please purchase via www.iwaponline.comOpens in new window
Also part of Water Intelligence Online Digital Reference Library
Standard ePrice: £0.00
+ VAT
Open Access ebook
Access ebook
Landfill leachate is a complex mix of organics, inorganics and heavy metals produced from the conventional and engineering landfilling practices. The adverse effects of landfill leachate on the human and environmental health have forced the relevant authorities to stipulate stringent disposal requirements, producing the requirement for ground-breaking technological solutions for effective management of landfill leachate. The researchers and field engineers are still looking for robust options for leachate management. This timely book on landfill leachate management is a valued addition into this domain. The key features of the book include: broad range of treatment techniques covered, conventional to advanced technological options discussed, along with the inclusion of successful case studies.
Contents
Editors
Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Characteristics of leachate from landfills and dumpsites in Asia, Africa, and Latin America: A review update
Giovanni Vinti, Terry Tudor, Mentore Vaccari
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Materials and Methods
1.3. Results and Discussion
1.3.1. Study Selection
1.3.2. Key types of sites and climatic zones
1.3.3. Leachate quality by site
1.3.4. Leachate quality by region
1.3.5. Pollutant levels by site type
1.3.6. Pollutant levels by region
1.4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 2. Aerobic treatment of landfill leachate
Kaoutar Aboudi, Ankur Rajpal, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Ahmed Tawfik
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Aerobic treatment of landfill leachate
2.2.1. Aerated lagoons (AL)
2.2.2. Activated sludge process (ASP)
2.2.3. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR)
2.2.5. Rotating biological contactors (RBC)
2.2.6. Biofilm reactor
2.2.7. Membrane reactors
2.2.8. Constructed wetlands (CWs)
2.2.9. Fungal and yeasts treatment
2.2.10. Phytoremediation
2.3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate
Ahmed Tawfik, Vinay Kumar Tyagi
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Leachate generation from landfilling of municipal solid wastes and their characteristics
3.3. Biological treatment methods
3.4. Anaerobic treatment process
3.4.1. Anaerobic technologies
3.4.1.1. Anaerobic filters
3.4.1.2. Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor
3.4.1.3. Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket
3.4.1.4 Anaerobic submerged membrane bioreactor
3.4.1.5 Anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactors
3.4.1.6. Integrated anaerobic reactors (two stage system)
3.5. Factors affecting anaerobic degradation of landfill leachate
3.5.1. Effect of temperature
3.5.2. Effect of reactor operation mode
3.5.3 Effect of organic loading rate
3.5.4. Sulfate concentration
3.5.5. Ammonia concentration
3.5.6. Carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio
3.6. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Microbial fuel cell for landfill leachate treatment
Saurabh Dwivedi, Ashmita Patro, Yamini Mittal, Supriya Gupta, Pratiksha Srivastava
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Pollutant removal mechanism
4.2.1. Biological process for organics/inorganics removal
4.2.2. Leachate toxicity and effects on MFC performance
4.3. Types of MFC for leachate treatment
4.4. Bioelectricity generation from the landfill leachate
4.4.1. Electron transfer mechanism in MFCs to treat landfill leachate
4.5. Resource recovery from the leachate
4.5.1. Metal recovery using MFC from leachate
4.5.2. Nutrient recovery
4.5.3. Water recovery
4.6. Recent developments in leachate treatment using MFC
4.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Nitrogen removal from landfill leachate
Ankit Singh, Rajesh Roshan Dash
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Landfill leachate
5.2.1 Formation
5.2.2 Composition
5.3 Environmental impact of leachate
5.3.1 Leachate impact on soil
5.3.2 Leachate impact on water
5.3.3 Leachate impact on air
5.3.4 Leachate impact on human health
5.4 Nitrogen removal
5.4.1 Biological treatment
5.4.1.1 Nitrification-denitrification
5.4.1.1.1 Disadvantages of nitrification-denitrification
5.4.1.2 Nitritation-denitritation
5.4.1.3 Nitritation-endogenous denitritation
5.4.1.4 Anammox
5.4.2 Physical treatment
5.4.2.1 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
5.4.2.1.1 Disadvantages of RO system
5.4.2.2 Evaporation
5.4.2.2.1 Disadvantages of evaporation
5.4.2.3 Ammonia stripping
5.4.2.3.1 Disadvantages of ammonia stripping
5.4.3 Chemical treatment
5.4.3.1 Chemical precipitation
5.4.3.1.1. Disadvantages of chemical precipitation
5.4.3.2 Adsorption
5.4.3.2.1 Disadvantages of adsorption
5.4.3.3 Ion exchange
5.4.3.3.1 Disadvantages of ion exchange
5.4.3.4 Breakpoint chlorination
5.4.3.4.1 Disadvantages of breakpoint chlorination
5.4.3.5 Electrochemical oxidation (EO)
5.4.3.5.1 Direct electrochemical oxidation
5.4.3.5.2 Indirect electrochemical oxidation
5.4.3.5.3 Mechanism for ammonium nitrogen removal
5.4.3.5.4 Disadvantages of electrochemical oxidation
5.5 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 6 : Constructed wetland for landfill leachate treatment
Sudeep Kumar Mishra, Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Puspendu Bhunia
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Leachate characterization
6.3 Variability in leachate quantity and quality
6.4 Types of constructed wetlands
6.5 Mechanism of leachate treatment in the constructed wetland system
6.6 Application and performance of the CWs in treating landfill leachate
6.6.1 Organic matter
6.6.2 Nitrogen
6.6.3 Total phosphorous and phosphate
6.6.4 Total suspended solids
6.6.5 Heavy metals
6.7 Factors affecting the performance of constructed wetland
6.7.1 Substrate
6.7.2 Macrophyte
6.7.3 Temperature
6.7.4 Hydraulic retention time
6.7.5 Mode of feeding
6.8 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 7: Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with landfill leachate
Hale Ozgun, Ali Izzet Cengiz, Busra Cicekalan, Xuedong Zhang, Mustafa Evren Ersahin
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Strategies Applied for the Improvement of Landfill Leachate Treatment
7.3. Historical Development of Leachate Co-Digestion
7.4. Co-Substrates Used in the Digestion of Leachate
7.5. Co-Digestion of Landfill Leachate and Food Waste
7.5.1. Synergistic Effect and Opportunities
7.5.2. Challenges and obstacles
7.5.3. Applications
7.6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Electro-chemical treatment of landfill leachate
Brahim Arhoun, Maria Villen-Guzman, Jose Miguel Rodriguez-Maroto, Juan Manuel Paz- Garcia
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Landfill leachate
8.2.1. Generation and Characteristics of landfill leachate
8.2.2. Landfill leachate treatment
8.3. Electro-oxidation treatment of landfill leachate
8.3.1. Direct electro-oxidation processes
8.3.2. Indirect electro-oxidation processes
8.3.3. Influence factors of electro-oxidation in the treatment of landfill leachate
8.3.3.1. Anode material
8.3.3.2. Reactor design
8.3.4. Operating parameters
8.3.4.1. Current density
8.3.4.2. pH
8.3.4.3. Electrolytes
8.3.5. Electro-oxidation combined with other methods
8.4. Electro-Fenton treatment of landfill leachate
8.4.1. Reaction mechanism of electro-Fenton process
8.4.2. Operational parameters affecting electro-Fenton process
8.4.2.1. pH
8.4.2.2. Dose of reagents
8.4.2.3. Reagent feed mode
8.4.2.4. Current density
8.4.2.5. Inter-space electrode
8.4.2.6. Cathode material
8.4.3. Combination of Electro-Fenton with other methods
8.5. Electrocoagulation treatment of landfill leachate
8.5.1. Definition and operating principle
8.5.2. Electrocoagulation reactor design and operation
8.5.3. Operational parameters affecting electrocoagulation process
8.5.3.1. Current density
8.5.3.2. Solution pH
8.5.3.3. Electrode design
8.5.3.4. Inter‑electrode distance
8.5.3.5. Stirring speed
8.5.3.6. Electrical conductivity
8.5.3.7. Temperature
8.5.3.8. Electrolysis Time
8.5.4. Electrocoagulation process combined with other methods
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Treatment of landfill leachate containing emerging micro-pollutants
Ahmed Tawfik, Vinay Kumar Tyagi
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Sources of emerging micro pollutants in landfill leachate and their health effect
9.3. Types of emerging micro-pollutants
9.3.1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS)
9.3.2. Pharmaceuticals and plasticizers
9.3.3. Mono-aromatic hydrocarbons and Pesticides
9.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
9.3.5. Personal care products
9.3.6. Micro plastics and phthalate esters
9.4. Treatment processes of landfill leachate
9.4.1. Physic-chemical treatment processes
9.4.1.1. Adsorption
9.4.1.2. Advanced oxidation process
9.4.1.3. Non-thermal plasma
9.4.2. Biological treatment process
9.4.2.1. Degradation by ligninolytic fungi
9.4.2.2. Constructed wetland system
9.4.2.3. Anaerobic degrading processes
9.4.2.4. Membrane bioreactor (MBR)
9.5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Application of carbon-based adsorbents for landfill leachate treatment
Rahul Mishra, Sunil Kumar
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Leachate generation and composition
10.3. Landfill leachate characterization methods
10.3.1. Structural analytical methods
10.3.2. Molecular weight-associated techniques
10.3.3. Spectroscopic approaches
10.3.3.1. Spectroscopic approaches
10.3.3.2. Fluorescence spectroscopy
10.3.3.3. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy
10.4. Adsorption process for landfill treatment
10.5. Different types of adsorbents for landfill leachate treatment
10.5.1. Conventional adsorbents
10.5.2. Carbon-based materials
10.5.2.1. Activated carbon
10.5.2.2. Bio-char
10.5.2.3. Graphene oxide
10.5.2.4. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
10.5.3. Other non-carbon-based materials
10.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Landfill leachate induced ultraviolet quenching substances
Pubali Mandal, Brajesh Kumar Dubey
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sources of ultraviolet quenching substances in landfill leachate
11.3 Properties of ultraviolet quenching substances
11.4 Chemical composition
11.5 Problems associated with UVQs
11.6 Distribution of UVQs in landfill leachate
11.7 Measurement techniques of ultraviolet quenching substances
11.8 Removal of UVQs by different treatment technologies
11.8.1 Biological process
11.8.2 Membrane separation, adsorption, and ion-exchange
11.8.3 Electrochemical process
11.8.4 Chemical oxidation
11.9 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 12. Micro-plastics in landfill leachate and its treatment
K.S.D. Premarathna, Sammani Ramanayaka, Thilakshani Atugoda, Madushika Sewwandi, Meththika Vithanage
12.1 Plastics in landfills and leachate
12.2 Occurrence and abundance of microplastics in landfill leachate
12.2.1 Sources and formation of microplastics in landfills
12.2.2 Abundance of microplastics in landfill leachate
12.3. Characteristics of microplastics present in landfill leachate
12.3.1 Size, color, and shape of microplastics
12.3.2 Polymer types
12.4. Migration pathways of microplastics to aquatic ecosystems
12.5. Mitigation and remediation of microplastics
12.5.1 Treatment methods of microplastics in landfill leachate
12.5.1.1 Physical and chemical treatments
12.5.1.2 Biological treatments
12.5.1.3 Land-based treatments
12.5.2 Fate of microplastics in landfill leachate treatment
12.6 Limitations of landfill leachate treatment techniques
12.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 : Separation treatment of landfill leachate
Brahim Arhoun, Juan Manuel Paz-Garcia, Jose Miguel Rodriguez-Maroto, Maria Villen-Guzman
13. 1. Introduction
13.2. Landfill leachate
13.2.1. Generation of Landfill leachate
13.2.2. Composition of landfill leachate
13.3. Landfill leachate treatment
13.4. Membrane separation process
13.4.1. Membrane separation in landfill leachate treatment
13.4.1.1. Micro-filtration
13.4.1.2. Ultra-filtration
13.4.1.3. Nano-filtration
13.4.1.4. Reverse osmosis
13.4.2. Membrane concentrate landfill leachate removal
13.4.2.1. Composition of membrane concentrates (MC)
13.4.2.2. Treatment of membrane concentrates
13.4.3. Membrane fouling
13.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Modeling and optimization of hybrid leachate treatment processes and scale-up of the process
Fabiano Luiz Naves, Cristiane Medina Finzi Quintão, Mateus de Souza Amaral, Renata Carolina Zanetti Lofrano, Alexandre Boscaro França, José Izaquiel Santos da Silva, Clarissa Nascimento de Oliveira, Edilailsa Januário de Melo
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Optimization of leachate treatment models
14.3. Proposed optimization Using NBI
14.4. Implementation of NBI in environmental controls
14.5. Sustainable implications in leachate treatment
14.6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15: Energy and resource recovery from landfill leachate
Rickwinder Singh, Apoorva Upadhyay, Prakhar Talwar, Nikita Verma, Vivekanand Vivekanand
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Characterization of landfill leachate
15.3. Resource and energy recovery techniques from landfill leachate
15.3.1. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC):
15.3.2. Nutrition removal
15.4. Anaerobic digestion of leachate for biogas production
15.5. Challenges and Future perspectives of energy recovery from landfill leachate
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Efficient and economical landfill leachate management with phytoremediation
Anjali Bhagwat, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Material methods
16.2.1. Experimental setup
16.2.2. Determination of growth parameters
16.2.3. Analysis of chlorophyll content
16.2.4. Statistical analysis
16.3. Phytoremediation
16.4. Economic evaluation of phytoremediation with marigold
16.5. Result and discussion
16.5.1. Growth parameters
16.5.2. Phytoremediation
16.5.3. Economic evaluation
16.5. Conclusion
Conflicts of interests
Acknowledgement
Authors contribution
Data availability
References
Chapter 17: Landfill leachate pollution index
Arun Kumar Thalla, Anakha Ambujan, Vijay Kubsad
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1. Hazardous waste in the recent scenario
17.1.2 Disposal Methods for hazardous waste
17.2 Quantification of Pollution using existing Leachate Pollution Index (LPI)
17.2.1 Formulation of the sub-index
17.3. Hazardous Waste Landfill Leachate Pollution Index (HWLLPI) - Need, and Background study
17.3.1 Existing Leachate Pollution Index, not a reasonable choice for quantifying pollution caused by Hazardous Waste Landfill leachate
17.3.2 Background for the formulation of the Hazardous Waste Landfill Leachate Pollution Index
17.4 Hazardous Waste Landfill Leachate Pollution Index - Development of the Index
17.4.1 Screening the Pollutants for inclusion in the index
17.4.1.1 Methods for aggregating the judgments given by experts for each pollutant
17.4.1.2 Method for defuzzification
17.4.2. Deriving Weightage for the Selected Pollutant
17.4.3. Establishing sub-index curves for each pollutant
17.4.4. Aggregation of weights, and the scores
17.4.5. Formulation of Sub- Hazardous Waste Landfill Leachate Pollution Index
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Prevalence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in landfill leachate
Neelam Gunjyal, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha, Vinay Kumar Tyagi
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Source of antibiotics and ARGs in landfill
18.2.1. Mentioning the distribution of antibiotics in landfill on the worldwide
18.2.2. Abundance of ARGs and dissemination of ARGs in landfill
18.3. Correlation between antibiotics, antibiotic residue, and heavy metal on ARGs
18.4. Impact of several vital factors to antibiotic concentration and ARGs profile in landfill
18.4.1. Physicochemical factors
18.4.2. Heavy metals
18.4.3. Organic pollutant
18.4.4. Environmental and other social factor
18.5. Effect of leachate quality parameters and landfill age on antibiotic concentration and ARGs
18.6. Impact of antibiotics and ARGs on groundwater and surface water due to the landfill leachate
18.6.1. Occurrence of the antibiotics and ARGs contamination in groundwater
18.6.2. Assessment of the antibiotics and ARGs contamination in groundwater and surface water
18.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Aerobic and anaerobic methods of landfill leachate treatment: limitations and advantages
Sandeep Singh, Sandeep K. Malyan, Rajesh Singh, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Sujata Kashyap
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Aerobic treatment
19.3. Anaerobic treatment
19.4. Constructed wetland
19.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Landfill leachate management
Mandeep Singh, Muntjeer Ali, Nehaun, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, Absar Ahmad Kazmi, C.S.P Ojha
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Landfill leachate characterization
20.3. Methods for landfill leachate treatment
20.3.1. Co-treatment with wastewater
20.3.2. Coagulation flocculation
20.3.3. Adsorption
20.3.4. Membrane
20.3.5. Advanced oxidation processes
20.3.6. Bioreactors
20.3.7. Bioremediation
20.3.8. Combined Physical-chemical treatment methods with biological treatment methods
20.3.8. Nitrification and denitrification
20.4. Conclusions
References
Index
WASH Economics and Financing: towards a better understanding of costs and benefits
The case for investment in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) has been convincingly made. WASH is essential for protecting public health, is a human right and investing in it is compelling from...
Human Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Fragrances
The observed concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in raw wastewater confirm that municipal wastewater represents the main disposal pathway for the PPCPs consumed in...
Best Practice Guide on the Control of Iron and Manganese in Water Supply
This Best Practice Guide on the Control of Iron and Manganese in Water Supply is one of a series produced by the International Water Association’s Specialist Group on Metals and...
Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water
Inadequate drinking water quality and poor sanitation have remained the world's major causes of preventable morbidity and mortality. In 1996 the OECD called for concerted action to improve the...