WERF Report 03-HHE-2
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Available as an ebook
Please purchase via www.iwaponline.comOpens in new window
Also part of Water Intelligence Online Digital Reference Library
Standard ePrice: £29.00
+ VAT
Direct analysis of potable water for pathogenic micro-organisms has generally been avoided by water suppliers because pathogens are frequently present intermittently and in low numbers. Direct analysis for pathogens would require concentration of large sample volumes and more complex analytical procedures both of which are expensive and currently considered not to be more protective of public health than using appropriate pathogen index organisms or surrogates. Human feces contain about 1012 bacteria per gram, hence Escherichia coli is always present in high numbers in domestic wastewater (around 109 cfu/g) and can be detected relatively cheaply by culture methods. Hence, E. coli has become the chosen indicator for fecal pollution of water. While E. coli is a valuable warning indicator in potable water supplies, its value in domestic wastewater and biosolids applications is reduced because the source water and sludge is always fecally polluted. Instead, an indicator more clearly linked to pathogen presence, an index organism, is required. An index organism is defined as a group or species indicative of pathogen presence, such as E. coli as an index organism for Salmonella. An approach is to find indicators which are removed or inactivated similarly to pathogens by wastewater and biosolids treatment processes. Such process indicators, called model organisms or surrogates, are defined as a group of organisms that demonstrate the efficacy of a process). When coupled with data collected over time on the numbers of pathogens in the matrix prior to treatment, can indicate the risk attached to using treated water. As climate change continues to place stress on water resources, communities are increasingly looking to recycled water as a supplementary water source. Hence identification of process indicators for recycled water is becoming imperative so that recycled water can be used appropriately so as to minimize risks. As pathogen reduction in primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes is not as great as in tertiary and disinfection treatment processes, the latter treatment processes have been the focus of this study. Similarly, as disposal of biosolids to landfill sites becomes increasing costly and inorganic fertilizer feedstocks decline, the beneficial use of biosolids is becoming more important. Identification of process indicators for biosolids will encourage these beneficial uses as the risk to human health can be better assessed.
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Molecular techniques are emerging as a rapid and powerful approach for microorganism detection. This project reviewed the efficacy of PCR assays for Cryptosporidium, Microcystis, adenovirus and...
Extractive nutrient recovery, defined as the production of chemical nutrient products devoid of significant organic matter, represents a complementary strategy for managing nutrients in multiple...
The Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) Nutrient Challenge Research Program and the Water Environment Federation (WEF) cooperated in a comprehensive study of nutrient removal plants...
Municipalities not only have a need for purely transactional systems (accounting, personnel, billing, etc.), but they also need to integrate the sophisticated analytical tools that are used to...
Microbial risk assessment is a structured approach to estimating risks associated with environmental exposure to pathogens by using available environmental data.
In this report the...
The research results presented in this report were compiled to provide a clearer understanding of the state of the technology for wastewater pipeline condition assessment methodologies and...
The Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) Nutrient Challenge Research Program and the Water Environment Federation (WEF) cooperated in a comprehensive study of nutrient removal plants...
This title is eBook only.
The drinking water distribution system (DWDS) is a critical infrastructure and a costly asset with a life time of several decades. With rapidly...
For many water service providers (WSPs), meeting the financial demands of maintaining, extending and upgrading infrastructure systems is increasingly challenging. Furthermore,...