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Wastewater disinfection is practiced with the goal of reducing risks of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. Ideally, this goal is to be met without introducing other risks, such as those that could be associated with disinfection by-products. The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of wastewater disinfection on human health. This assessment was conducted by examining two fundamental questions regarding the application of disinfection:
1. Should municipal wastewater effluents be disinfected prior to discharge?; and,
2. Under circumstances where disinfection is necessary, how should it be accomplished?
Undisinfected effluent samples from a several municipal wastewater treatment facilities were collected for analysis. The facilities selected for sampling were chosen to represent a broad spectrum of effluent qualities. Facilities were selected to provide a broad spectrum of effluent quality, particularly as related to nitrogenous compounds. Samples were subjected to bench-scale disinfection under conditions that allowed compliance with relevant discharge regulations, and such that disinfectant exposures could be accurately quantified. Disinfectants applied in this research included chlorine and UV radiation. Disinfected samples were subjected to a battery of microbiological assays to assess the immediate and long-term effects of disinfectant exposure on bacteria and viruses.
Pilot Testing of Membrane Zero Liquid Discharge for Drinking Water Systems
Increasing demand for potable water in Colorado has forced drinking water utilities to consider utilizing water from lower quality sources. These lower quality sources...
Chemical Exposure and Effects in Freshwater Aquatic Species
To protect aquatic ecosystems from stresses induced by toxic chemicals, risk models must be developed, calibrated and verified for feral populations. Although risk models require good estimates of...
Protocols to Assess the Breakdown of Flushable Consumer Products
A scientifically sound approach is needed to ensure that flushable consumer products are compatible with household plumbing fixtures, as well as wastewater collection and treatment systems. ...
Overcoming Molecular Sample Processing Limitations
This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series.
This report on Overcoming Molecular Sample Processing Limitations is split into three sections:
...
Losses in Water Distribution Networks
This is a best practice manual for addressing water losses in water distribution networks worldwide. Systems and methodologies are presented for improving water loss and leakage management in a...
IWA管网漏损术语的标准定义 - Chinese Translation of 'Standard Definitions for Water Losses'
Chinese translation by the IWA Water Loss China Regional Group, P.R. China.
A compendium of terms and acronyms and their associated definition in common use in the field of water loss...
Reduction of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria, and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes
In wastewater reclamation systems, microbiological monitoring is conducted to ensure that the users of reclaimed water are exposed to minimal risks from exposure to pathogens. Typically, utilities...
Nature for Water: A Series of Utility Spotlights
By 2025, two thirds of the world’s population will be living in water stressed conditions. Meanwhile, the degradation of water ecosystems is occurring at alarming rates. Water utilities and water...