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The expanding use of decentralized wastewater management has resulted in an increased interest in small-scale wetland treatment systems. However, there is limited information available on the use, distribution of and performance of these small-scale systems. The purpose of this study was to address this knowledge gap by developing criteria for the feasibility, design, operation, and maintenance of small-scale wetland treatment systems.
Monitoring data from the assembled small-scale wetland database was used to develop sizing criteria for FWS and VSB wetlands. Loading rates and corresponding effluent quality were developed for BOD, TSS, TKN, phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria.
Where there was adequate data, the variation in monthly vs. annual average effluent concentration was assessed to provide a factor-of-safety approach to wetland sizing. Information on internal processes, hydraulic design, operation, maintenance, cost, and industrial applications of constructed wetlands is also presented in this report.
Guidance Document on Anaerobic Digester Foaming Prevention and Control Methods
The development of this WERF anaerobic digester (AD) foaming guidance document is based on the need for a specific detailed methodology that water reclamation and recovery facilities (WRRF)...
Infiltration vs. Surface Water Discharge: Development of Guidance for Stormwater Managers
Stormwater managers are increasingly faced with the need to address many potentially-conflicting issues as part of their activities, ranging from flood prevention to protection of downstream...
Striking the Balance between Nutrient Removal in Wastewater Treatment and Sustainability
This study focuses on sustainability impacts as wastewater treatment plants implement treatment technologies to meet increasingly stringent nutrient limits. The objective is to determine if a...
Guidance Manual for Separation of Graywater from Blackwater for Graywater Reuse
Increasing efforts in water conservation have prompted home and business owners to learn more about water reuse. One reuse application of interest is separating graywater (all wastewater excluding...
Identification of Barriers to Energy Efficiency and Solutions to Promote These Practices
Successful deployment of energy efficiency initiatives may be increased by recognizing barriers and advancing strategies that overcome them. A national survey recently collected input on barriers...
Critical Assessment of Stormwater Treatment and Control Selection Treatment
Although historically the process of selecting stormwater treatment systems has centered on choosing categories of treatment systems from a menu of options, the state of the practice allows for a...
Remaining Asset Life: A State of the Art Review
This report is an output of the fourth research track (Track 4) of WERF’s strategic asset management research program ‘Asset Management Communication and Implementation’ (SAM1R06). Track 4...
Principles of Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment
Principles of Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatmentﾠdescribes the state-of-the-art of MBR technology, principles of MBR and design and operation of plants.
Membrane bioreactor (MBR...