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Approximately 23 percent of the estimated 115 million occupied homes in the United States are served by onsite wastewater systems. The vast majority of onsite wastewater treatment systems include a septic tank, grease trap, or both for primary treatment. These units are efficient, simple, low-energy treatment units whose performance is critically important to the overall functioning of onsite wastewater systems. Regulations, industry standards, guidance materials and engineering texts vary widely and are often incomplete in their consideration of the factors that may influence primary unit performance in onsite systems.
The objective of this research was therefore to identify, compile, analyze, and report on the existing body of work addressing the performance of primary treatment units in onsite wastewater systems and the factors impacting performance. Design, construction/installation, and maintenance issues were considered, with a goal of establishing what is known, what is not known and what future research is needed in this area.
Over 700 sources of information were collected, with most reviewed and presented in this document – the white paper. A bibliographic database, which can continue to be updated into the future, was developed as a companion piece to the white paper, as a tool for researchers and practitioners.
A Review of Advanced Sewer System Designs and Technologies
Available as eBook only
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Quantification of Airborne Biological Contaminants Associated with Land-Applied Biosolids
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Linking Receiving Water Impacts to Sources and to Water Quality Management Decisions: Using Nutrients As An Initial Case Study
Concern over water quality impacts from an ever increasing array of potential contaminants has become a major challenge for water resource managers. To better understand the linkages between...
Upset Early Warning Systems for Biological Treatment Processes, Source-Effect Relationships
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Managing Water Demand
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Overview of State Energy Reduction Programs and Guidelines for the Wastewater Sector
Approximately 35% of a wastewater treatment facilities’ total cost to provide wastewater service is for energy use. Industry wide, about 0.6% of the electric energy produced in the United States...
Groundwater Assessment and Management: for sustainable water-supply and coordinated subsurface drainage
Groundwater beneath cities is important. Water utilities and private abstractors use is it as a secure source of water-supply and municipal authorities have to cope with it when planning...
Rational Design of Next-generation Nanomaterials and Nanodevices for Water Applications
Despite the fact that nanotechnology has been present for a few decades, there is a big gap between how nanotechnology is perceived and what nanotechnology can truly offer in all sectors of water...